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An Interesting email fwd regarding who will lead us, i got this article as an email fwd , I am sharing it with all my readers:
WHO WILL LEAD US
People whenever they are belong to the political parties and never rise their voice against such matter till their leaders asked them for any unwise and injustice practice in our country. Please take our group if some are talking about an injustice but most of us are justifying the culprits for nothing of benefit of the justifier or his community.
For you comment we need a leader who is thinking for progress of country, people and against the looters despite big companies, malpractice politicians or else.
Mr. Advani is visiting all states against corruption but when he reaches at Karnataka he cannot rise his voice against corruption because his party men making huge amount looting government income (In fact Yaduriyappa looted such an amount if it comes to government treasury then there were no need to put a new tax to his state for last two years) which is strong income for his party and for his party leaders. So, every party leaders is playing such game. ( if I borrow Mr. Kodiyeri words, all party leaders are like "POTTAN PUTTU VIZHUNGIYA POLA" when it is concern to their party men.
Reliance is a major source for all political parties political work no big political parties excepted from the Reliance money source. Therefore, to make the people fool they are making a two three days strike or agitation against the hikes in the concept of ( politician can make public fool ) that after two three days shouting people will be happy about their parties strong protest against the hike. We have to understand that any of protest in our country never reverse the decision of any government despite it is Congress or BJP or Communist party or DMK or AIDMK or Telungudesham or Trimul Contress whoever govern their states. So, it a prepared game of politicians.
Today Mr. Manmohan Singh is worrying about EU economical collapse and he has promised at G20 that India will support to Save EU from this panic. You please think the central government increasing the tax for each and everything and our prime minister never bothered with his people's burden but he is pity with Europeans who are protecting their people's standard and status taking money from detectors of world countries and begging to China and India.
So, Manmohan like prime minister and his ministers sleepless for Europeans and Americans about their livelihood not for Indians. Then what can expect from these kind of politicians for the relief of Indian community. Nothing at all. We have to work and pay for every thing regardless how people are struggling to meet their daily needs. In another meaning Indians are now in the age of SLAVERY. ALL INDIANS ARE WORKING FOR MAKE AMBANIES TO KEEP WORLD's RICHEST PEOPLE. So, all Indians can forgot their day by day burden because we are belong to a country where the world's richest people are living. To live amongst these richest we have to work hard day and night otherwise they will send us to Somalia or any other poorest African country.
At last, If anybody can give a name who will lead India with promise of that he will bring down all taxes imposed since last 5 years and put and end all corruptions and promise to provide all of our Indian citizens justice and security regardless their religion then I and my family will be strongly stand behind that person with a peaceful way to get rid out of all evils who are now became a burden for our country.
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Business leaders and the pink press are gaga over the spin-offs. According to one analysis, Aadhaar links "private-sector businesses to India's poor in an unprecedented manner"; another is titled: "UID: The Biggest Business Opportunity since Liberalisation"; and yet another quotes the managing director of a software giant thus: "UID gives us a business opportunity to prosper in this digital world".
The total cost of the project is estimated at over Rs.50,000 crore. A business newspaper reveals that "for every rupee of IT spend on the project… around 60 per cent… will go to hardware vendors". One consultancy giant estimated that within five years into that "post-Aadhaar world", India would see a first wave of investments totalling $10 billion. From then on, "potential" is $12 billion a year.
There is no other government project that has kicked up such frenzy in recent times. However, in the midst of this frenzy, myriads of questions are begging for answers. While there are people asking these questions, there are also those tired old ways of dismissing them. Brand them as " jholawalas" or "lefties" or "anti-technology guys" or "those who broke computers in the [19]80s". The more lenient of the brandings would be "civil libertarians" or "privacy activists". Whatever they be branded, one thing in common is that none of their questions has received a satisfactory answer yet.
One place to ask questions in a democracy is Parliament; however, about six crore Aadhaar numbers have been issued even before Parliament has taken up the matter for legislative discussion.
Frontline was the first to publish a critical article on UID in 2009, which raised a set of questions to the government ("High-cost, High-risk", August 14, 2009). More than two years later, most of those questions remain unanswered.
The REAL INTENT:
SECURITY OR DEVELOPMENT?
The Genesis
An important question regarding Aadhaar is how it will be used. Aadhaar is connected closely with the National Population Register (NPR) of the Union Home Ministry. The NPR is a child of the Kargil War. Following the reports of the "Kargil Review Committee" in 2000, and a Group of Ministers in 2001, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government decided to register compulsorily all citizens into an NPR and issue each a Multi-purpose National Identity Card (MNIC). Officially, the NPR is aimed at preventing "illegal migration". For this purpose, the Citizenship Act of 1955 was amended and new Citizenship Rules were released in 2003.
As per Rule 7(3) in the 2003 Rules, "It shall be the responsibility of every citizen to register once with the Local Registrar of Citizen Registration and to provide correct individual particulars." Rule 3(3) states that information on every citizen in the NPR should compulsorily have his/her "National Identity Number". Still further, Rule 17 states that "any violation of provisions of rules 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 14 shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees".
NPR and Aadhaar
While registration to the NPR was compulsory and a National Identity Number was linked to each name, the 2003 Rules did not approve of linking biometrics with personal information. If we analyse the annual reports of the Home Ministry, the sections on the MNIC pilot project do not refer to biometric data until 2004-05. In 2005-06, the first mention of biometric data appears. The report noted: "Data entry work for all the 30.96 lakh records… and integration of photographs and finger biometrics of 17.2 lakh… out of 20.6 lakh… has been completed." Just how biometrics got included in the NPR without sanction from the 2003 Rules remains a mystery.
With the introduction of biometrics into the NPR, the Home Ministry required technical expertise. The establishment of the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) in 2008 was partly to meet this requirement. If doubts remained, Home Minister P. Chidambaram clarified in 2009 that "MNIC has to be issued to every citizen, for which the government has decided to set up a UID authority." The Home Ministry's annual report for 2008-09 went a step ahead and stated: "After the NPR is created, it will engulf the UID database, being far more comprehensive, and will become the mother database for identity purposes."
The Home Ministry's plan was the following. To quote from the Census of India website: "Data collected in the NPR will be subjected to de-duplication by the UIDAI. After de-duplication, the UIDAI will issue a UID Number. This UID Number will be part of the NPR and the NPR Cards will bear this UID Number." No prizes for guessing that Aadhaar is already compulsory. In the UIDAI parlance, the NPR is a "killer application". A killer application is one that so "leverages Aadhaar" that every citizen is forced to get an Aadhaar number.
When the ownership of a "mother database" of citizens, including their biometrics, lies with the Home Ministry, there are reasons to worry. There is always the problem of "functionality creep", where data collected serves purposes other than its original intent. There are many ways in which the state can use such a database against its own citizens. The database could be used to persecute marginalised sections of the population. The police and the security forces, if allowed access to the biometric database, could use it extensively for regular surveillance and investigative purposes. This can lead to a large number of human rights violations. Given that fingerprint matching is not error-free, such policing may further exacerbate human rights violations. A democratic society has to guard against such possibilities.
Questions of duplication
While the UIDAI was established to supply UID numbers to the NPR, the onus of data collection was with the Registrar General of India (RGI) under the Home Ministry. However, as an initial step, the UIDAI was allowed to enrol 200 million persons. It began this process by signing memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with "registrars", who enrolled people either directly or through other agencies; the RGI was one of these registrars.
First, duplication of resources and work was built into this plan. There was one set of people whose data were collected by the RGI ("Group 1") and another whose data were collected by non-RGI Registrars ("Group 2"). But data for "Group 2" could not be given to the RGI to be added to the NPR; the MoU signed between the RGI and the UIDAI did not allow for this. The MoU allowed transfer of information only for "Group 1".
In other words, within the UIDAI's 200-million persons, duplication and wastage was already built in. Persons in "Group 2" now have to enrol again at an RGI centre. Not surprisingly, officials of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India have made a quiet trip to the UIDAI office for an audit.
Secondly, if duplication is allowed to cross the 200 million mark, a major section of the population would have to enrol twice. This is the reason why the Home Ministry is now trying to recapture the responsibilities of enrolment. On its part, the UIDAI wants to continue with the old plan; whether the Cabinet will allow it is not clear yet.
WHITHER PRIVACY?
Another important concern is the project's potential to violate people's right to privacy. In most Western countries, projects to issue ID cards were shelved because of strong privacy concerns and adverse public opinion (see interview with Dr Edgar Whitley on page 29).
Privacy and culture
Is privacy a "Western" concept that does not apply to "eastern" societies like India, where "community-based" life predominates? Such a question is regularly raised in debates on Aadhaar. What this question ignores is that the right to privacy has the status of a shared global value (see A.G. Noorani's article on page 13). While the nature of notions around privacy differs across countries, every country has a temporally dynamic notion of privacy built into its culture. In other words, "an interest in self-governed choice" is not a by-product of "Western individualism".
Martha Nussbaum, the renowned philosopher, has criticised the argument that privacy is a notion without value in India (see "Is Privacy Bad for Women?", Boston Review, April/May, 2000). She writes that if the history of India is any guide, it only shows that "India draws certain concrete lines in different places than does America". She further argues that "if we consider the general meanings of 'privacy' typically acknowledged as most salient in American discussions, India also marks each of the notions as salient, and ascribes value to protecting the concerns that fall under them."
To argue her point out, Nussbaum cites three cases. First, just as in the U.S., Indian "people recognise that certain types of information about oneself are privileged, and that it is bad for outsiders to publicise them without consent." Secondly, she argues that "in India, as in the U.S., there is a deep concern for keeping certain parts of the body, and certain bodily acts, hidden from the sight of others – and also a more general concern that, whatever one is doing, one should not be watched without one's consent." Thirdly, there is a strong "interest in decisional autonomy or liberty in certain areas especially definitive of the person". All these lessons, Nussbaum says, are from "among the most ancient and deeply traditional concerns of both Hindu and Muslim cultures".
It is clear then that privacy can be viewed as a globally valued "right", "entitlement" and "freedom". We can also work within the framework of individual freedoms elaborated by Amartya Sen. In Sen's framework, every freedom can have "intrinsic" and "instrumental" values. In the intrinsic sense, privacy enriches the lives of people in a substantive way and thus is "constitutive" of development. In the instrumental sense, privacy can be seen as contributing to other individual freedoms and socio-economic progress. It is from this standpoint that Sen has argued against consequence-independent absolute rights. Thus, the demand to trade-off one freedom for another (say, the "invasive loss" of privacy for "development") is an untenable demand.
Aadhaar and privacy
It is disturbing then that privacy concerns are not discussed in any document of the government or the UIDAI. On the contrary, discussions around Aadhaar have involved open calls for sharing personal information with private companies. From 2006 onwards, there was a scheme titled "Unique ID for BPL families", implemented by the Department of Information and Technology. While critics trace the origin of the UIDAI to the MNIC project, the UIDAI itself traces its origin to this scheme. In 2006, a working group of the Planning Commission examined the possibilities of improving upon this scheme and introducing smart cards linked to unique IDs of citizens. The working group report noted that:
"…[U]nique ID could form the fulcrum around which all other smart card applications and e-governance initiatives would revolve. This could also form the basis of a public-private-partnership wherein unique ID-based data can be outsourced to other users, who would, in turn, build up their smart card-based applications…. In the context of the unique ID, part of this database could be shared with even purely private smart card initiatives such as private banking/financial services on a pay-as-you-use principle…."
The callousness that this report displays in sharing personal information with private companies is astonishing. In India, one major threat to privacy arises from here: the promotion of private players in the provision of social services, such as education, insurance and health (see Mohan Rao's article on page 19). With the privatisation of social services, personal data would be transformed into commodities in the market for Aadhaar numbers. In such a context, promises to introduce privacy laws become weak tools to gain the trust of citizens.
IS BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGY INFALLIBLE?
Among the technological features of Aadhaar, the collection of biometrics is most significant. Apart from biometrics, there is no systemic check to prevent "identity theft". While there is agreement among biometric and legal experts regarding critical drawbacks of biometrics in proving identity beyond doubt, the Aadhaar project demonstrates extraordinary levels of faith in the infallibility of biometrics.
First, no accurate information exists on whether errors of fingerprint matching are negligible or non-existent. A small percentage of users would always be either falsely matched or not matched at all.
Secondly, a report from 4G Identity Solutions, a supplier and consultant for the UIDAI, recognises that people above 60 years and children below 12 years have difficulties in enrolling with fingerprints. Fingerprints of manual labourers are likely to be broken or eroded, apart from accidental damages to fingers from burns, chemicals, and other agents. Owing to such bad or noisy data, "the failure to enrol is as high as 15 per cent" in India; this involves a minimum of 180 million persons. If fingerprint readers are installed at MGNREGS work sites and PDS outlets, and employment or purchases are made contingent on authentication, about 180 million persons will be excluded from accessing these schemes.
Biometric Standards Committee report
Many of the misgivings with regard to biometrics were reaffirmed by the UIDAI's Biometrics Standards Committee. This committee conducted a sample study of 25,000 persons. Even in such a small sample, 2 to 5 per cent of the respondents did not have "biometric records". Error rates increased by 2 to 3 per cent when the software was "untuned" to local conditions. The report also noted that sensors would not usually capture fingerprints accurately when women apply mehendi on their fingers.
For iris images, the report did not provide estimates of error because of the "absence of empirical Indian data". It recommended that iris images should be used only "if they [UIDAI] feel it is required". The Proof of Concept (PoC) study of the UIDAI also does not inspire confidence regarding the potential of biometrics to work in large populations (see R. Ramachandran's article on page 25).
However, despite adverse technical reports, the UIDAI decided to proceed with the collection of fingerprints and iris images for the entire population. Given that the total project cost is over Rs.50,000 crore, it is but natural that hard questions are asked on these spending decisions.
"REFORMS" IN THE SOCIAL SECTOR?
"We have to rework the system. If we simply introduce UID without re-engineering the system, it wouldn't work," said Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, in September. He is right. Aadhaar would drastically reform the architecture of welfare provisions and qualitatively restructure the state's role in the social sector (see articles on PDS (page 16), MGNREGS (page 122) and health (page 19)). This policy has two elements, both of which are constitutive of neoliberal policy in India.
The first is a shift from universalism to targeting. Aadhaar is not intended to expand social service provisions. Its aim is to keep benefits restricted to "targeted" sections, ensure targeting with precision, and thus limit the government's fiscal commitments. As Manmohan Singh stated in July 2010: "To reduce our fiscal deficit in the coming years,… we must [be]… reducing the scale of untargeted subsidies. The operationalisation of the Unique Identification Number Scheme… provides an opportunity to target subsidies effectively."
The second is a shift from direct provision to indirect provision of social and economic services. Here, existing institutions of direct intervention are dismantled and replaced by new institutions of indirect provision. Aadhaar, as claimed, is not a tool of empowerment; it is actually an alibi for the state to leave the citizen unmarked in the market for social services.
Aadhaar as sufficient identity proof?
A key premise for Aadhaar is that inability to prove identity is a barrier that prevents the poor from accessing services. It is true that the lack of identity prevents a large number of poor from, say, getting a ration card or opening a bank account. Will Aadhaar be sufficient proof of identity to access these services? Will Aadhaar do away with the need to present other documents for proving identity? In all probability, the answers are in the negative.
For instance, the UIDAI claims that the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has made Aadhaar a valid identity proof for opening a bank account. It also claims that this step would lead to rapid growth of financial inclusion. How accurate are these two claims?
Indeed, through a gazette in November 2010, the government added the letter from the UIDAI, with the Aadhaar number, to the list of documents that may be accepted as proof of identification. However, in a circular, dated September 28, 2011, the RBI clarified: "It is reiterated that while opening accounts based on Aadhaar also, banks must satisfy themselves about the current address of the customer by obtaining required proof of the same as per extant instructions." In other words, even with an Aadhaar number, banks would continue to demand other "valid" documents.
Aadhaar for financial exclusion?
Despite the phenomenal spread of public banking in rural areas after 1969, a large section of the Indian people remain "unbanked". One of the reasons is that many of the successes achieved between 1969 and 1991 were reversed by the financial liberalisation policies after 1991. For instance, a large number of rural bank branches were closed down in the 1990s and early 2000s. In any meaningful financial inclusion policy, opening of new rural bank branches has to be a priority. However, the government has other plans. For the government, the earlier "brick-and-mortar" model of rural banking is passé. The preferred option is to encourage "branchless banking", and this is where Aadhaar becomes important.
In a working paper on financial inclusion, the UIDAI notes that taking banking to rural areas is an "expensive proposition". Hence, opening rural branches becomes a "social responsibility rather than a business opportunity". It suggests that Aadhaar can usher in "an era of ubiquitous branchless banking". Instead of opening rural branches, the bank may simply appoint "business correspondents" (B.C.), who, with the help of hand-held biometric devices, perform banking functions. To promote the B.C. model, the RBI has already permitted the appointment of "for-profit companies" as B.Cs. The size of the "B.C. market" was recently estimated at Rs.3,000 crore. Just by routing MGNREGS wages, the B.Cs are likely to earn up to Rs.600 crore a year as commission.
The B.C. model has already triggered adverse outcomes in rural areas. On March 18, 2011, an internal circular of the State Bank of India noted that B.Cs were "found to indulge in malpractices, such as asking for unauthorised money, over and above the bank's approved rates of charges from the customers". It noted that "gullible customers" are being "exploited", posing "serious risk" to the bank's reputation. During discussions with a leading bank union, I was told that B.Cs regularly extracted Rs.100 to 150 per gold loan in many south Indian districts. One newspaper recently quoted a B.C. employee in Punjab thus: "75 per cent of B.C. agents are village sarpanchs or their kin."
To conclude, a project of the size and cost of Aadhaar should not be pursued without wider discussions among the public and in Parliament. Such projects should inspire public trust and confidence. However, the undue haste displayed by the proponents of the project raises many questions. The sad part of the story is that there are no satisfactory answers.
R. Ramakumar is Associate Professor at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
Cincinnati scholarships worth $ 1m for Indians
STUDYING in America is becoming easier for Indian students.
The University of Cincinnati ( UC), Ohio, one of the top public universities in the US, is offering over a million dollars as scholarships for undergraduate students from India this year for Architecture,Business, Computing, IT, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Design and Engineering programmes.
The Global Opportunity Scholarships include a number of full and half tuition waiver offers to qualifying students valued at $ 100,000 and $ 50,000 respectively. Under the full scholarship programme, which is offered only once in five years ( next being 2016), two meritorious students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds will get an all expenses paid study trip. It would cover the candidates' tuition fee, housing, air fare and even on campus employment.
There is also a provision for cash awards between $ 1,000 and $ 25,000 annually on a renewable basis during the study period.
According to Jonathan Weller, director, international admissions at UC, the selection board looks for academic, cultural diversity, financial status and also English- speaking skills while selecting students for scholarships.
The university's cooperative education programme also allows undergraduate students to gain professional work experience during their undergraduate programme. " Cincinnati's cooperative programme is in great demand as students who are enrolled in it do real work," explained Weller.
The low- cost housing and transport facilities in Cincinnati, enable the students to manage well with their part- time jobs and cooperative programmes. Described as one of the world's most beautiful campuses by the Forbes magazine, UC is ranked among the top 25 public research universities in the United States. Indian students are the second largest population in Cincinnati, after Chinese.
The university is also coming up with scholarships for Indian students in post- graduation programmes. Then there is ' Aspire', a programme that covers both bachelors and masters degrees in five years instead of the usual six. Then the course which has Physics, Maths, Science and Women Studies as its specialisations also has a scholarship option.
The deadlines for application for the scholarship programmes are December 1, February 1 and April 1. For more information, contact UC's India Country Coordinator Anjali Khavnekar
Phone: 91 9167255437
Fax: 91 2266998052
Email: Anjali.Khavnekar@uc.edu
Web site: www.uc.edu/india
Measures to Prevent Misuse of Tatkal Travel Scheme Announced by Railway Ministry.
The Minister of Railways Shri Dinesh Trivedi at a press conference on Nov 11,2011 said that several measures are proposed to be implemented soon to prevent misuse of Tatkal scheme by agents/unscrupulous elements by the activities during opening hours of the reservation counters:. These measures announced by him are as follows:-
i. The advance reservation period of Tatkal scheme should be reduced from two days at present to one day excluding the day of journey from the train originating station. For example, if train is to depart from the originating station on the second of the month, the Tatkal quota for that particular train shall open at 0800 hours on the first of the month.
ii. There shall be no refund on confirmed Tatkal tickets subject to the exceptions such as cancellation of trains, late running of trains, etc. This is proposed on account of the following reasons :- · Advance reservation period of Tatkal is very short i.e. approximately one day. It is expected that the passenger would have a firm programme of travel before booking the Tatkal ticket. · To prevent misuse of Tatkal ticket by unscrupulous elements by resorting to speculative booking.
iii. No duplicate Tatkal tickets shall be issued. Duplicate Tatkal tickets shall be issued only in exceptional cases on payment of full fare including Tatkal charges.
iv. Tatkal tickets shall be sold only on production of one of the eight prescribed Identity cards as proof of identity. For this purpose, a self attested photo copy of the identity card on which the passenger(s) proposes to travel shall be attached to the requisition slip. The details of the identity proof shall be captured by the system and indicated on the reserved tickets as well on the chart. It will not be mandatory for the passengers to go to the counter to book the Tatkal ticket, however, the proof will have to be sent in the aforementioned manner. During the journey, the passenger will have to produce original proof of identity indicated on the ticket. In future, when AADHAAR is operational, the issue of Tatkal tickets will be linked to AADHAAR.
v. Agents / RTSAs shall be restricted from the booking Tatkal tickets at the counters between 0800 hrs. and 1000 hrs. This restriction shall be enforced through frequent inspection at the counters. The agents both web service agents and web agents shall also be restricted from booking Tatkal tickets on the internet between 0800 hrs. and 1000 hrs.
vi. Even for internet booking for Tatkal tickets, the passenger shall enter the identity proof type and number, which is to be used for travel. These details shall be printed on the ERS as well as the chart for Tatkal tickets.
vii. There shall be only four passengers per PNR for Tatkal tickets.
viii. The web services agents of IRCTC will be permitted to book only one Tatkal ticket per train per day on the internet.
ix. Cameras will be installed at the ticket counters for maintaining stricter surveillance.
The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves | |
Author : Matt Ridley The book focuses on some of the critical issues facing the world today including aid to Africa and climate change. Read Gates Review on "The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves" PURCAHSE "THE RATIONAL OPTIMIST" | |
Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty | |
Author : Abhijit V. Banerjee This book is a great source of data-driven wisdom about development. Read Gates Review on "Poor Economics" PURCAHSE "THE RATIONAL OPTIMIST" | |
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time | |
Author : Jeffrey D. Sachs The End of Poverty is a road map to a safer, more prosperous future for the world. Read Gates Review on "The End of Poverty" PURCAHSE "The End of Poverty" | |
The Plundered Planet | |
Author : Paul Collier The Plundered Planet charts a way forward to avoid the mismanagement of the natural world that threatens our future. The Economist wrote that it was 'set to become a classic,' the Financial Times praised it as 'rich in both analysis and recommendations,' while Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times called it the 'best nonfiction book so far this year.' Read Gates Review on "The Plundered Planet " PURCAHSE "The Plundered Planet" | |
Getting Better: Why Global Development is Succeeding | |
Author : by Charles Kenny In his book, Charles Kenny shines a light on the real successes of aid, and he shows us the benefits that additional smart investment can bring. Read Gates Review on "Getting Better " PURCAHSE "Getting Better" |
The Institution of Engineers (India) cordially invites you to attend the Technical Talk on Steve Jobs An Inspiring Leader & Innovator- A Flashback! by Mr. Rajit Karunakaran Nair Founder/CEO, ProBiz Knowledge Center Managing Director Centriq Academy for Training & Mentoring Pvt. Ltd Thiruvananthapuram on at Open to public. All are welcome.Kerala State Centre
Wednesday, 9 November 2011 at 5:45 PM
The Institution of Engineers (India) Hall
Visvesvaraya Bhavan
Opposite to Kanakakunnu Palace
Thiruvananthapuram - 695 033
CTET 2012 - Last date of application Nov 25, 2011
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi will be conducting the Central Teacher Eligibility Test - 2012 on 29-01-2012 at various centers across the country.
Eligibility:
The following persons are eligible for appearing in the CTET
Minimum Qualification for Classes VI-VIII: Elementary Stage
* Graduation and passed or appearing in final year of 2-year Diploma in Elementary Education (by whatever name known). OR
* Graduation with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in 1-year Bachelor in Education (BEd). OR
* Graduation with at least 45% marks and passed or appearing in 1-year Bachelor in Education (BEd), in accordance with the NCTE (Recognition Norms and Procedure) Regulations issued from time to time in this regard. OR
* Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in final year of 4-year Bachelor in Elementary Education (BElEd). OR
* Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in final year of 4-year BA / BScEd or BAEd / BScEd OR
* Graduation with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in 1-year BEd (Special Education)*.
(* Diploma / Degree Course in Teacher Education: For the purposes of this Notification, a diploma / degree course in teacher education recognized by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) only shall be considered)
Minimum Qualifications for Classes I-V: Primary Stage
* Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in final year of 2- year Diploma in Elementary Education (by whatever name known). OR
* Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 45% marks and passed or appearing in final year of 2-year Diploma in Elementary Education (by whatever name known), in accordance with the NCTE (Recognition Norms and Procedure), Regulations, 2002. OR
* Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in final year of 4-year Bachelor of Elementary Education (BElEd). OR
* Senior Secondary (or its equivalent) with at least 50% marks and passed or appearing in final year of 2-year Diploma in Education (Special Education)*. OR
* Graduation and passed or appearing in final year of two year Diploma in Elementary Education (by whatever name known).
Important Dates:
Application Form Availability : 05.Nov.2011 to 25.Nov.2011
Date for filling on-line application: 01.Nov.2011 to 25.Nov.2011
Last date for receiving online and offline of application form in CBSE: Nov 30, 2011
Note: 7 days grace time i.e. up to 07.12.2011 for receipt of Application Form will be allowed to the candidates belonging to remote areas
Schedule of Examination:
29.01.2012 - PAPER - I - From 10.00 TO 11.30 HOURS
29.01.2012 - PAPER - II - From 13.00 TO 14.30 HOURS
MORE DETAILS, CLICK HERE
Examination Centres:
Details of Examination centers
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